沈陽機械加工廠家為您講解機械加工中設計加工步驟和加工機床的選用

機械加工(gong)(gong)(gong)是一(yi)種用加工(gong)(gong)(gong)機械對工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)外形尺寸或性(xing)能(neng)進行改(gai)變的(de)(de)過程。按被加工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)處(chu)于(yu)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度狀態(tai)﹐分為冷加工(gong)(gong)(gong)和熱加工(gong)(gong)(gong)。一(yi)般在常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下加工(gong)(gong)(gong),并(bing)且不(bu)引(yin)起(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)化(hua)學或物(wu)相(xiang)變化(hua)﹐稱冷加工(gong)(gong)(gong)。一(yi)般在高(gao)于(yu)或低于(yu)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)﹐會(hui)引(yin)起(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)化(hua)學或物(wu)相(xiang)變化(hua)﹐稱熱加工(gong)(gong)(gong)。冷加工(gong)(gong)(gong)按加工(gong)(gong)(gong)方式(shi)的(de)(de)差(cha)別可分為切削加工(gong)(gong)(gong)和壓力加工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

1.設計步驟及要求(qiu):

⑴生產類(lei)型大批(pi);⑵對(dui)零件進行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)析〔采用新國標〕;⑶確(que)定(ding)毛坯(pi)的種類(lei)、形狀(zhuang)、尺寸和精度(du);⑷擬(ni)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)路線。這是制定(ding)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)規程的關鍵一(yi)(yi)步,其主要(yao)工(gong)(gong)作是:選擇(ze)定(ding)位基準,確(que)定(ding)各表(biao)面(mian)的加工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa),安排加工(gong)(gong)順(shun)序(xu),確(que)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)集中與分(fen)散的程度(du),以及安排熱處理、檢驗及其它輔助工(gong)(gong)序(xu)。在擬(ni)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)路線時(shi),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是提出幾個(ge)可能的方(fang)案,進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析比較,確(que)定(ding)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)佳(jia)的方(fang)案;⑸確(que)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)所采用的設備。

2.選擇機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機床時,應(ying)(ying)注意以(yi)(yi)下(xia)幾個基本原則:①機床的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尺寸(cun)范圍應(ying)(ying)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)外形尺寸(cun)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)。②機床的(de)(de)精度應(ying)(ying)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)精度相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)。③機床的(de)(de)生產率應(ying)(ying)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)生產類型(xing)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)。如果(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)尺寸(cun)太大、精度要(yao)求(qiu)過高,沒有(you)適(shi)當的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)可供選擇時,應(ying)(ying)考慮機床改(gai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)設(she)計專用(yong)機床。這時需(xu)要(yao)根據具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)提(ti)(ti)出機床改(gai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(或(huo)設(she)計)任務書,任務書中應(ying)(ying)提(ti)(ti)出與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)關的(de)(de)必要(yao)數據、資料(liao)。例如:工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)尺寸(cun)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)公差及技術要(yao)求(qiu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)定位、夾(jia)壓(ya)方式,以(yi)(yi)及機床的(de)(de)總體布局、機床的(de)(de)生產率等(deng);⑹確定各工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)所采用(yong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)。

3.選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)機械加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝裝備時應注(zhu)意以下幾點原(yuan)則(ze):①對夾具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)。②對刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze):一般情況(kuang)下應盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)標準刀具(ju)。在組合(he)機床(chuang)上(shang)加工(gong)(gong)時,按(an)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)集中(zhong)原(yuan)則(ze)組織生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),可采用(yong)專用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復合(he)刀具(ju)。③對量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze):量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)主要(yao)是(shi)根據生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)類型和所要(yao)求檢(jian)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度來選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。單件(jian)小批量(liang)(liang)(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)應采用(yong)通用(yong)夾具(ju),大批量(liang)(liang)(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong),應采用(yong)極限量(liang)(liang)(liang)規、高生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)夾具(ju)和檢(jian)驗(yan)儀器等;⑺確(que)定各(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)余量(liang)(liang)(liang),計算(suan)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)尺(chi)寸及公差;⑻確(que)定各(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)切削用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。但(dan)對于大批量(liang)(liang)(liang)流(liu)水線生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),尤其是(shi)自動(dong)線生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),則(ze)各(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)、工(gong)(gong)步(bu)都需要(yao)規定切削用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang),以便計算(suan)各(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)節拍。⑼確(que)定時間(jian)定額;⑽填(tian)寫工(gong)(gong)藝文件(jian)。

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