沈陽機械加工廠為您講解機械加工的車削運動介紹

機械(xie)加工(gong)(gong)離不開金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)切(qie)削(xue)(xue)。在切(qie)削(xue)(xue)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)過程(cheng)中，為(wei)(wei)了去除多余的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)，需要使(shi)工(gong)(gong)件和刀具做相對的(de)切(qie)削(xue)(xue)運(yun)動。用車刀切(qie)削(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)件上多余金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)運(yun)動稱為(wei)(wei)車削(xue)(xue)運(yun)動，可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)以下幾個方面(mian)。

1.機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)車削(xue)運(yun)動(dong)：在切削(xue)過程中，為(wei)了切掉多余的(de)金(jin)屬，需(xu)要使工(gong)件和刀具做相對的(de)切削(xue)運(yun)動(dong)。用車床(chuang)切削(xue)工(gong)件上(shang)多余金(jin)屬的(de)運(yun)動(dong)稱(cheng)為(wei)車削(xue)運(yun)動(dong)，可分為(wei)主運(yun)動(dong)和進給運(yun)動(dong)。

2.機(ji)械(xie)加工(gong)主運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)：直接切斷工(gong)件上的(de)切削層，使其變成切屑，從而(er)形成工(gong)件新(xin)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，稱為主運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。切削時，工(gong)件的(de)旋轉運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)是主要(yao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。一般(ban)主運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)速度(du)快，消耗的(de)切削功率大。

3.機械(xie)加工(gong)進(jin)給運(yun)(yun)動：使(shi)新的(de)(de)切削(xue)層連續(xu)投入切削(xue)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)動。進(jin)給運(yun)(yun)動是(shi)(shi)沿著待成形工(gong)件表面的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)動，可以是(shi)(shi)連續(xu)運(yun)(yun)動，也可以是(shi)(shi)間(jian)歇運(yun)(yun)動。例如(ru)臥式車床上的(de)(de)車刀連續(xu)運(yun)(yun)動時，工(gong)件在(zai)牛頭刨(bao)床上的(de)(de)進(jin)給運(yun)(yun)動是(shi)(shi)間(jian)歇運(yun)(yun)動。

工(gong)(gong)件上形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)：在機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)過(guo)程中，工(gong)(gong)件上形(xing)成(cheng)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、被加(jia)工(gong)(gong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和待加(jia)工(gong)(gong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。已加(jia)工(gong)(gong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是指通過(guo)去除(chu)多余金屬形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)新表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。待加(jia)工(gong)(gong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是指金屬層將被切(qie)(qie)割(ge)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)是指由車(che)刀的(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)刃車(che)削(xue)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。切(qie)(qie)削(xue)鑄件、鍛件或(huo)零件表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)有硬皮的(de)(de)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)時，切(qie)(qie)削(xue)深度應超過(guo)硬度或(huo)冷硬層，以避(bi)免切(qie)(qie)削(xue)刃切(qie)(qie)削(xue)在硬皮或(huo)冷硬層上。

4.機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進給(gei)量(liang)(liang)的選(xuan)擇(ze)：工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)或刀具(ju)每(mei)次旋轉或往(wang)復(fu)運動(dong)時，工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)和(he)刀具(ju)在進給(gei)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)上的相對位移，單位為毫米。選(xuan)擇(ze)切(qie)(qie)削深度(du)后，應盡可能選(xuan)擇(ze)較大的進給(gei)量(liang)(liang)。應選(xuan)擇(ze)合理的進給(gei)量(liang)(liang)值，以保(bao)證(zheng)機床和(he)刀具(ju)不(bu)會因切(qie)(qie)削力(li)過(guo)大而損壞，切(qie)(qie)削力(li)引起的工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)撓度(du)不(bu)會超過(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)精(jing)度(du)允許(xu)值，表面粗(cu)糙度(du)參數值不(bu)會過(guo)大。在粗(cu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)，切(qie)(qie)削力(li)是(shi)主要限制因素(su)，在半精(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)精(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)，表面粗(cu)糙度(du)是(shi)主要限制因素(su)。

5.機械加工切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)速度(du)的選(xuan)擇：切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)時(shi)，刀(dao)具切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)刃上(shang)(shang)一(yi)點相對于被加工表(biao)面在主運動方向上(shang)(shang)的瞬時(shi)速度(du)，單位為米(mi)/分鐘。選(xuan)擇切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)深度(du)p和進給量時(shi)，在此基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)選(xuan)擇切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)速度(du)，切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)的發展方向是高速切(qie)(qie)削(xue)(xue)(xue)。

6.機(ji)(ji)械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)粗(cu)糙度(du)的(de)力學概(gai)念：在力學中，粗(cu)糙度(du)是指加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)由小間距(ju)和峰谷組成的(de)微(wei)觀(guan)幾何特征。這(zhe)是互換性研究(jiu)中的(de)問題之(zhi)一。由于機(ji)(ji)械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法和工(gong)(gong)(gong)件材料(liao)的(de)不同(tong)，在加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)留下(xia)的(de)痕跡的(de)深(shen)度(du)、密度(du)、形狀和紋理是不同(tong)的(de)。表面(mian)粗(cu)糙度(du)與機(ji)(ji)械(xie)零件的(de)匹(pi)配性能、耐磨性、疲勞強度(du)、接(jie)觸剛度(du)、振動和噪(zao)聲等密切相關，對機(ji)(ji)械(xie)產品的(de)使用壽命和可(ke)靠性有重要影響。

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